Without a full understanding and appreciation of the implications of nationalism in world politics, and of the mechanisms that nationalism can trigger to influence sovereign states’ foreign policies, it is difficult to deal with the challenges characterising the global political landscape. In addition, and despite several contributions arguing for a direct impact of nationalism over foreign policy over the past three decades (Mylonas & Kuo, 2018), as of today there is still no framework that explains through which causal mechanisms nationalism influences foreign policy, nor how different – and often apparently divergent – foreign policy behaviours might be caused by nationalism.Īs the global health emergency caused by SARS-CoV-2 has recently shown, such theoretical limitations have important and direct real-world consequences. However, it remains puzzling how – despite the rise of nationalist leaders over the past decade – interstate violence arguably did not increase substantially at the same time, as predicted by existing theoretical models describing the impact of nationalism over foreign policy (Cederman & Pengl, 2019 Szayna et al., 2017). While many distinguished scholars of nationalism, including those contributing to that special issue, have shed light on the nature and character of the relationship between the nation and the sovereign political structure embodied by the state, International Relations scholars have added little nuance to the debate about the influence of nationalism over foreign policy, assuming all along that nationalism is conducive to interstate violence (Cederman, 2019 Sapolsky, 2019 Snyder, 2019). In light of the political events that took place in the 2010s decade, which saw the rise of nationalist political leaders across the globe – including Xi Jinping, Donald Trump, Boris Johnson, Narendra Modi, Jair Bolsonaro, Scott Morrison, Rodrigo Duterte, Matteo Salvini, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and Viktor Orbán – political scientist Gideon Rose certified officially the resurgence of a ‘new nationalism’ in world politics in a special issue of Foreign Affairs published in 2019 (Rose, 2019).
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